A snakebite is a serious concern in Southern Africa, with thousands of cases reported annually. Here are some key statistics:

• Incidence: Unknown as many bites go unreported, but we estimate between 2,000 – 4,000 bites in South Africa alone. The severe cases turn up to hospital and could be 20% of the total bite cases.
• Risk: Risk of snakebite is seasonal, as snakes are more active with warmer temperatures and increased rainfall. There is a definite snakebite season, when bites peak from December to April. Time of day also has an influence on snakebite risk as many snakes become active in the night to hunt rodents and frogs, making the 5 hours between 17:00-22:00 the riskiest time of the day. Most snakebites, 80%, take place on the feet or lower leg, making it imperative to protect your feet and lower leg to reduce the number of bites significantly. 
• Fatalities: Fatalities are from 1-5% of hospitalised bites, but the real number is unknown as those that die before they reach the hospital will not be accounted for. In South Africa, we estimate about 25 bites are fatal annually.
• Venom Type: Over 90% of snakebites in South Africa are caused by snakes with cytotoxic venom, such as the Mozambique Spitting Cobra and Puff Adder.

These figures highlight the importance of awareness, prompt medical care, and proper first aid in reducing the impact of snakebites.

Question:

What can I do in the event of a snake bite?

Answer:

Snakebites in Southern Africa typically involve venom that can be classified as either cytotoxic or neurotoxic, and the response depends on the type of venom. Here’s what you need to know:

1. Cytotoxic Venom (Tissue-Damaging)

• Definition: Cytotoxic venom attacks the body tissue at the bite site, destroying cell membranes and perforating the vascular system. The result is pain and swelling and is described as the Painful Progressive Swelling Syndrome.
• Examples: Snakes with cytotoxic venom include Puff Adders, Gaboon Adders, Night Adders, Stiletto Snakes, and Mozambique Spitting Cobras.
• Action Steps:
  • Stay calm and keep the affected limb still.
  • Do not cut the wound, suck out venom, or apply ice.
  • Go immediately to the nearest trauma hospital for antivenom treatment and professional medical care.

2. Neurotoxic Venom (Nerve-Attacking)

• Definition: Neurotoxic venom attacks the nervous system at the neuromuscular junction, interfering with the transmission of the signal from the brain to the muscle, causing paralysis. The syndrome is called Progressive Weakness Syndrome.
• Examples: Snakes with neurotoxic venom include Black Mambas and Snouted Cobras.
• Action Steps:
  • Black Mamba Bites:
    • Apply a tourniquet high on the bitten limb within one minute to slow venom spread.
  • Snouted Cobra Bites:
    • Use either a tourniquet or a pressure bandage (like a Smart bandage) to slow the lymphatic system’s venom transport.
  • If the victim shows signs of difficulty breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation while en route to the hospital.
  • Seek emergency medical care immediately, as both types of bites are life-threatening.

2. Haemotoxic Venom (Blood-Attacking)

• Definition: Haemotoxic venom consumes the clotting factors in the blood and also perforates the vascular system, causing uncontrollable bleeding, and is called The Bleeding Syndrome.
• Examples: Snakes with haemotoxic venom include Boomslang, Vine Snake, Puff Adder and Gaboon Adder bites.
• Action Steps:
  • Remain calm to minimize the spread of venom through increased heart rate.
  • Immobilize the affected limb and keep it lower than the heart.
  • Do not attempt to suck the venom or apply a tight tourniquet.
  • Seek immediate medical attention at a trauma hospital where antivenom and professional care are available.

Additional Tips:

• Always prioritize getting to a hospital equipped to handle snakebite cases.
• Avoid trying to kill or handle the snake. Instead, observe its appearance from a safe distance to help medical professionals identify it.
• Remove tight clothing or accessories near the bite site in case of swelling.
• Keep a FirstAid kit handy (MUST contain the right items and be used properly)

By following these steps, you can effectively respond to a snakebite and increase the chances of a positive outcome.

Article Written By: Mike Perry

Mike Perry’s fascination with snakes began in 1963 when his family moved to a farm where encounters with these remarkable creatures were common. By 1965, he had started catching snakes, a passion that would shape his life’s work. In 1999, Mike was awarded a prestigious contract to supply snake venom for antivenom production in South Africa, solidifying his role as a leading expert in the field. Over the course of his career, he has performed an extraordinary 140,000 venom extractions without ever being bitten – a testament to his unparalleled expertise and care.

In addition to his venom work, Mike conducts specialized snake courses for individuals interested in learning about these animals and for remote mining operations seeking to mitigate risks associated with snake encounters. His dedication and knowledge have made him a trusted authority in snake safety and education.

www.africanreptiles-venom.co.za

Edited by: zonline.africa

The 1 thing to avoid is ignorance… get educated and know how to effectively deal with snakebite incidences especially if you live in areas with a higher risk of snakebites.